Heroic Archetypes in Film: Symbolism and Adaption

Heroic Archetypes in Film: Symbolism and Adaption Carl Jung (1939) described the personal unconscious as containing personal memories and ideas of the individual, and the collective unconscious the shared ideas, and memories humanity, these shared memories and ideas emerge as themes and characters, which Jung termed archetypes or Primordial Images. Joseph Campbell (1949) evolved these ideas creating the heros journey or monomyth. Campbells work in narratology and comparative mythology showed the use of archetypal patterns bring patterns we all unconsciously respond to in similar ways to a conscious level. The term archetype can be applied to images, themes, symbols, ideas and character types (Jung, 1969). This essay will focus on the symbolism and adaption of Heroic archetypes in film examining the themes of Jung and Campbell and there portal over time, focusing in on how specific genders are represented. The Architypes are present in our earliest images and motifs, however Greek and roman mythology focuses largely on the hero with characters like Hercules playing the main role in their stories. These myths provide a clear pairing of Jung and Campbells theories creating connections with the hero, their quest and the many archetypal characters they will interact with along their journey. These methodologies have repeatedly been adapted and are portrayed in the most successful film franchises of the last sixty years. It is through the exploration of these franchises that I will examine the portrayal of both male and female Hero Architypes. Jung (1969) believed archetypal themes impress, influence and fascinate our ego, invoking deep and intense emotional responses. If Jungs theories are correct the repeated portrayal of masculine dominance on screen has the potential to impact the most important and central architype of the psychic, the self, a representation of wholeness and totality, a unification of the conscious and unconscious mind (Jung, 1969). Jung (Stevens, 1990) emphasised the importance of not assuming the symbolic meaning of a male or female character he believed it is far more important to recognise the characteristics and context of these symbols, establishing if you are dealing with the Animus or Anima, abstract symbol sets that formulate the archetype of the Self. Neither male nor female they are a representation of the masculine and feminine aspects of the psychic Dr. Stacy Smith (2014) realised the study gender bias without borders this study looked at 120 films in the most influential films. The results of this study showed that 23.3 percent of lead or co lead roles in film are female. These figures were mirrored off screen showing that 20.5 percent of filmmakers were female. The results also showed when a film was created by a female, either in directing or writing there was an increase of lead females and the quality of their portrayal on screen. It is clear from these results that there is an issue of gender imbalance on screen. This imbalance could be explained by linking back to Jungs theory (1969), that architypes can influence our physic and comparing this to a statement by Campbell (2004) All of the great mythologies and much of the mythic story-telling of the world are from the male point of view. If all of our great mythologies are from the male point of view, it could be argued that this repeated influence has led to an over attachment to the use of masculine energy in the portrayal of power, Smith (2004) alludes to this stating This explanation reflects the old age, write what you know. To explore these theories, this essay will focus on two of the most successful films featuring female protagonists. The first Alien is written from the male perspective. The second Hunger games, is written from the female perspective. These films will be compared first to attempt to find a link between writer and character and second to explore the possible future portrayal of heroes. Alien Ridley Scotts Ripley is commonly used as a reference to a positive portrayal of a female hero, appearing on screen as the main protagonist of 1979 film Alien. Ripley however was originally created as male. In an interview with Empire magazine (2012) Ridley Scott explains the reasoning behind his female adaption stating She would be the last one you would think to survive, shes beautiful This statement gives credence to the idea of the feminine in Alien being used to display weakness. Alien is widely known as the movie in which all sexual analyses have some basis. In the Alien saga (2002) Dan OBannon explains that sexual imagery was wielded as a tool to unsettle the audience stating One thing that people are all disturbed about is sex. Everybodys always all in a known about sex. I said thats how Im going to attack the audience. Im going to attack them sexually Ellen Ripley, is played by Sigourney Weaver , she fights against two antagonists, the first an alien creature that interestingly dawns both male and female reproductive organs, while the second antagonist, Ash, an android possess no reproductive organs though he is portrayed as a male character. This mix of genders and sexual symbolism makes this film an interesting tool for the exploration of gender bias and architypes. The first introduction to the cast of this film is representative of the birthing of a child. The crew rest in hyperbolic chambers shaped like basinets. These chambers are placed in a circular pattern; at the core of this circle is a locking mechanism, controlled by mother, the ships navigator. As mother awakens the crew the room is flooded with light. This sequence of images could be interrupted as a representation of the Self-Architype and its symbolic circular image (Jung, 1978). The crew, placed in the circle could be seen as the rebirthing and unification of the psychic as it prepares to deal with the path ahead (Henderson 1963). We then see the crew in their ordinary world eating breakfast. The crew are given their call to adventure when mother informs has awoken them due a signal received from a derelict ship. Many of the crew Refuse the call believing this signal could be a warning. Mother acting as the supernatural aid knows the true reason for sending them on this quest Once the crew being to explore their environment as H.R Gigers sexual Imagery becomes clear. The crew approach the openings of the Alien ship, which Giger (2011) admittedly designed to resemble the vaginal entrance. They Cross the threshold and enter. The crew enter the control centre of the ship, in the centre of this chamber sits a large phallic protrusion; inside sits an alien pilot. The placement of this phallic symbol is particularly interesting as the first sexual representation of masculine energy (Fink, 2004) it is depicted in a place of power and control. The crew comes across a derelict chamber resembling the womb or Belly of the whale which holds a large cluster of eggs, one of the crew is attacked by a face hugger and rushed back to the ship. Ripley refuses to allow the face hugger, now attached to a crew member, onto the ship. Ash, Ripleys male counterpart dismisses her command and opens the ship doors. Ash determines that the Face Hugger is keeping Kane alive via the penetrative insertion of a proboscis to his throat; according to Bannon (2002) this was a deliberate representation of male oral rape . Im going to attack them sexually Im going to put in every image I can think of that I know will make the men in the audience cross their legs, Homosexual oral rape. Dan O Bannon This act is an intriguing aspect in regards to gender, on one side men are made as vulnerable a women, but on the opposing side this penetrative act gives dominant power to the masculine energy of the Alien (Dworkin , 1987 ) . Later the corpse of the face hugger is discovered, Ripley does not want the corpse examined but again Ash ignores her command. In this examination the Face huggers underbelly is shown, now in a submissive positon its proboscis is retracted exposing a representation of the female genitalia. The crew are united again for a meal and enter the Road of trials as a phallic shaped Chest Burster is birthed from a crewmate. Bannon (2002) stated that his use of birth in this scene was designed to create discomfort in male viewers, however his process of using a female act to add vulnerability to a male character could be perceived as weakening the feminine. Ripley Later learns the secret kept by Mother and Ash in her meeting with the goddess The Weyland Yutani Corporations true mission is to collect alien specimens acting as the Temptress they view the crew as expendable. Ripley Confronts Ash, in a classic Attornment of the Father scene. The confrontation becomes aggressive. Ash is exposed as an android becoming the Shape Shifter Architype; he overpowers Ripley, rolls up a stack of papers into a phallic shape and forces them down Ripleys Throat , this adds to strengthening of Masculine energy and weakling of the feminine. Ripley is saved by a male crew mate. She reconstructs Ash, entering the Apotheosis stage she gains information from him. Ripley realises their ship must be destroyed for the crew to escape with their lives the ultimate boon. The remaining crew are destroyed; Ripley the sole survivor enters the Magical Fight with the Alien as she tries to make her way to an escape pod before the ship self-destructs. Ripley reaches the escape pod, standing now as a powerful hero she begins to undress, she then bends over in a pose that resembles an animistic display of submission, this scene could be interpreted as a removal of Ripleys power (Fazio, 1986) Ripley realises the alien on-board the escape pod, earning the Freedom to live she rejects the alien into space. Re-entering hibernation, Ripley is shown in the fetal position; this could suggest her return to the womb to be rebirthed as a new character. (Jung, 1978) The Hunger Games The Hunger game is a Science fiction novel written by Suzanne Collins, this novel was adapted into a series of films under the same name. This story follows Katniss Everdeen as she embarks on Campbells Heros journey. We are first introduced to The Ordinary World , ruled by President Snow the archetypical Old King. This kings dominance is depicted in the cultural values of this society. Split in two classes the lower districts, shown to be inhabited by a struggling class of humble and moral people and the capital, Snows domain, lavished in decadence and modernity. Snow rules though intimidation and manipulation. The soulless nature of The Capital is highlighted by its unwavering support of The Hunger Games. These games are cruel and violent, created by Snow, they point to the absence of the Queen archetype. Snow rules alone, he is purely masculine, lacking in totality, with no feminine counterpart. This absence of feminine qualities leaves the people restricted as according to Jung (1995) permanent loss of the anima, means a diminution of vitality of flexibility and of human kindness. The capitol is surrounded by the Lower districts; these districts are forced to participate in The Hunger Games, sacrificing one male and female tribute. To survive these tributes must garner sponsorship, typically from the people of the capital. They must sell themselves by fulfilling the desires of their captors. Katniss Everdeen is the protagonist of this story; her very name draws associations to her character type. Cat an association of the feminine power (Fontana, 1993) sleek, and cunning and evergreen, symbolising natural life the nourishing soil of the soul (Sabini, 2002). Katniss is a young woman, innocent and open she exhibits feminine energy. In her first introduction she appears trusting and humble, unlike the surrounding raped and soulless society. The feminine side of Katniss could represent the potential birth of the new generation, placing her in the role of potential Queen. Katniss also exhibits masculine energy; she shows courage in The Hunger Games while exhibiting physical attributes strength and focuses to master her sill with a bow, a skill she learned to provide for and protect her family. This masculine energy also highlights her ability to fulfil the role of King. Katniss is reminiscent of Artemis, the Greek Goddess, skilled with a bow, strong, nurturing, protective and connected to nature (DEste, 2005). Our first introduction to Katniss shows her hunting a deer, a symbol commonly liked to the portrayal of Artemis. This mix of feminine and masculine energy leads to a potentially interesting dynamic. It could be said that Panem does not merely need a female leader, but a unified one, both male and female, mother and father. Katniss is born in the twelfth district, twelve in Gematria, is a representation of totality (Dennis, 2007), a symbol of synergy between the anima and animus (Jung, 1969). This coal miner district is also similar in design to Nazareth, the domain of Jesus. She understands through her experiences the darkness minorities face under the rule of Panem. Archetypically this could be linked to Judeo-Christian tradition and the tale of Job seeing the dark side of God. (Jung 1969) When in the capital Katniss is a link back to nature, the light in the dark, a place to be purified, embodying what Jung called the the two million-year-old man within. Katniss receives her Call to Adventure when her sister is chosen as tribute. She displays warmth and understanding, sacrificing herself to free her. This symbol of courage is the embodiment of what Jesus believed is needed in a world filled with difficulties; she is as shrewd as serpents and as innocent as doves. (Matthew 10:16) Katniss Crosses the threshold as she boards a train to take her to the capital. She is visibly disturbed by the opulence in front of her which starkly contrasts the modest home she is leaving behind. According to Campbell (1949) every hero needs allies; Katniss is no exception to his rule. Traditionally these allies are unexpected with a unique understanding of the world. It is in his fashion that Katniss meets her literal and archetypal Mentor the drunken Haymitch Abernathy. Katniss soon learns that the Haymitchs battle with alcoholism and disconnected nature is a direct result of his assimilation into the society of the capital, a soulful man in a soulless world , forced to train tributes who will be sent to their death . As Haymitch begins to train Katniss he begins to notice the unique nature of her personally, this is where he transforms into the archetypal mentor teaching Katniss the importance of presentation and catering to the whims of the sponsors. Early in the story we are shown that Katniss does not view her mother in the archetypical sense, it is only when she arrives at the capital that we are introduced to the true Mother Architype, the anima to Haymitchs animus and a symbol of societal oppression, the African American male, Cinna. Cinnas introduction marks the entry to Campbells Tests, Allies and Enemies stage of the Monomyth (1949). Cinna is a sensitive and nurturing character, wielding his knowledge in beauty, grace and sensuous flare he, along with Haymitch, trains Katniss, who now captivates the Capital. Cinnas techniques to transform Katniss are very similar to that of Cinderellas Fairy Godmother. He does not change Katniss; he instead reflects her inner self and beauty to the audience. Cinna supports and balances Katniss keeping her grounded and disconnected from the temptations and power of the capital. Cinna offers her a symbol of comfort, her Mocking Jay pin, as she enters The Inner Most Cave , the arena. When Katniss enters the games she acquires a young ally Rue The Innocent Child. Rues entry to the story marks the beginning of The Ordeal as she directs Katniss to the wasp nest she uses against her attackers. Rue is an African American girl, from the agricultural district; district eleven. Rue could be seen as a representation of slavery and racism in Panem. Despite the attempts of Katniss to protect the child, she soon becomes The Sacrifice, used to empathetically connect the twelve districts. After the death of her friend the game makers change the rules, stating that there may be two victors of the games, as long as they both come from the same district. Katniss seeks out Peeta her fellow tribute from district twelve and soon makes a new ally. Earlier in the story we were shown Katniss and Peeta training together, but she suspected, to save himself, he had turned against her. Peeta is redeemed when he suggests a group of competitors wait her out rather than climbing a tree to kill her. Peeta like Katniss is an interesting mix of feminine and masculine energy, he is strong but does not wish fight, instead he chooses for hide from his competitors. Peeta decorates cakes for a living, this shows his delicate side, but he is also stubborn, insisting the games will not change who he is. Peeta confesses his love for Katniss; he is injured and taking on the role of Damsel in Distress requires her aid. Katniss is now faced with a moral dilemma; the audience views the pair as the Shakespearian Star crossed lovers. Katniss deceives the audience and goes along with this charade to receive aid from the sponsors. Meanwhile her true love, Gale, who name suggests a well-developed anima, is waiting and watching these events unfold from district twelve. This is a difficult decision and turning point for Katniss; she manipulates the people to get what she needs, a very masculine move, more suited to President Snow. This arguably is a skill needed in a potential leader. Katniss retrieves medicine and Peeta is healed; now their only competitor left in the arena is Cato. It is in this final confrontation that we see Katniss Seizing the Sword as she knocks Cato into a pack of creatures and Receives her reward leaving Katniss and Peeta as the victors, at least for a short time. The game makers suddenly change the rules forcing Katniss into The Road Back. There can be only one victor of the hunger games. Peeta offers himself as a sacrifice but Katniss refuses. She shows her cunning side as she enters the resurrection stage of the Monomyth. Katniss decides they will both consume poison berries; this act would kill both competitors leaving the games with no victor. As Katniss predicts the rules are changed again, both competitors win the games. Peeta and Katniss will now live a life of luxury this could be seen as The Return with the Elixer, but the elixir in this story is far more important. Katniss has openly defied President Snow becoming an example to the lower districts. This act could lead to a rebellion. The true elixir of this journey is given to the lower classes at the moment of her victory, hope. Characters like Katniss Everdeen have the potential to change the assumed characteristics of the hero architypes, but this type of portrayal is still an uncommon occurrence, is that occurrence due to a misunderstanding of the hero architype or an overall issue of gender imbalance in media. This character could be marking Jungs paradigm shift and what he believed would be the necessary emergence of positive archetypal feminine energies (Rowland, 2009), a true female hero. Refrences Jung, Carl and Dell, S.M. (1939). The Integration of the Personality (English translation). New York: Farrar Rinehart. Joseph Campbell in The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949), Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Routledge. Retrieved 2014-01-19. Jung quoted in Anthony Stevens On Jung (London 1990) p. 206 Gender Bias without Borders. shared by UNWomen on Sep 22, 2014 An investigation of female characters in popular films across 11 countries.Sep 22, 2014 Joseph Campbell, Pathways to Bliss: Mythology and Personal Transformation, Edited by David Kudler. Novato, California: New World Library, 2004, pp. 145, 159. The Alien saga 2002 special editon C. G. Jung ed., Man and his Symbols (London 1978) p. 120 The Wisdom of the Serpent, Book by Joseph L. Henderson and Maud Oakes ,Originally published: 1963 Lacan to the Letter,April 14, 2004 by Bruce Fink (Author) p 169 Intercourse is a 1987 book by Andrea Dworkin on the Automatic Activation of Attitudes (1986) Russell H.Fazio, David M. Sanbonmatsu, Martha C. Powell, and Frank R. Kardes C.G. Jungs Complex Dynamics and the Clnical Relationship: One Map for Mystery p 55 Brenda A. Donahue , Charles C Thomas Publisher, 2003 Psychology 287 pages The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious By Carl Gustav Jung Page 4 1995 P1 Meredith Sabini 2002 The Encyclopedia of Jewish Myth, Magic and Mysticism: Second Edition Book by Geoffrey W. Dennis 2007 Journal of Analytical Psychology,2009, 54 ,697-715 Ghost and self: Jungs paradigm shiftand a response to Zinkin , Susan Rowland,London

Overpopulation in China

The population of the world today is increasing greatly each day. For years now, China's population has been over one billion and just recently a family in India gave birth to the one-billionth child. The estimated birth per day in India is an overwhelming 42,000 births. At this rate, there will not be enough land for inhabitants to live and survive in. Over-population causes many difficulties, for example China faces many problems such as crowded living arrangements. Some families do not even have enough income to feed their children a proper meal. The amount of people not only affects the families but also the country itself. For instance, for the amount of people, there may not be enough jobs. Proper health care may not be provided, because there are just too many people, which may cause a lot of health problems. A child's education is also at risk because there will be too many students in one classroom for one teacher to teach. Also, some countries may experience a shortage in food because there may be such a great demand for it that the country itself may not be able to provide the food in the amounts that are needed. Over population also causes less serious problems, things such as crowed sidewalks and streets. Too many cars on the road would also cause the problem of pollution. These everyday hassles would cause a person much frustration and undue stress, which could be avoided if the population was not too great. Suggestions have been made to decrease this problem, theories have been studied and yet implementation of these objectives have not been properly sought through. Although, there are two very good suggestions for this problem which include, the government passing a law that only allows a family to have two children and no more, a law such as this one has already been introduced in China. This may not seem fair but in countries such as these, it is necessary, to avoid such problems. The other is as simple as sex education. This solution may seem worthless, but would slowly show results. If solutions such as these were used in countries for instance, like China and India, from the beginning, then the problem of population would not even be an issue today. As stated above, the government intervening on this problem and allowing a family only a certain amount of children is an excellent solution. Having a limit on how many children a family is allowed to have is a great way to control the problem in the hopes of decreasing the problem of over population. In order to make certain that families do not go over the limit, the government should do yearly checks on the families. This would consist of a member of the government looking in the family files and seeing how many people are situated in a family. If a family exceeds the limit of two children, then the parents should be responsible in paying a fine or paying more taxes yearly. If the family exceeds the limit of two children, but the child is not born yet or is a new born the parents should have the choice of giving up the child to a couple that is unable to get pregnant with the certainty that the child will know who his or her biological parents are and be allowed to have contact with them if they wish to do so. If the parents do not agree with the first option then, the other choice they have is to pay more taxes each year. This way, only the families that can afford more then two children will be able to have bigger families. Having this law implemented not only decreases the problem of over population, but gives the children a better quality of life. Parents will take on more responsibility knowing what they will face such as an increase in their taxes or get fines if they exceed the limit of children the government has allowed them. It may not seem fair that the government be allowed to have this kind of control, but in such extreme cases it is needed so that the problem does not get too far out of hand. The world already has two countries that have a population of over one billion and there are probably other countries that are over populated when compared to the amount of land that they have, that is why it is necessary to have a law such as this one being practiced by such countries who need it to avoid all the other problems that can occur. This next suggestion of sex education may sound like such a simple solution, because in North America it is taught to every student, but other countries may not teach it like its taught here and this may be a contributing factor to why population is becoming a bigger problem. Sex education is very important not only for the individuals protection against disease, but so that the person is aware of all the options that are available for birth control. If people were taught that it is alright to use birth control then maybe use of it would be practiced. There are so many different methods of birth control that one should not feel as though one specific technique makes him or her uncomfortable and therefore he or she will not use it. Sex is such a private subject that causes many people to feel uncomfortable discussing it, but if schools were to start teaching it along with teaching students abstinence at an early age, then, when the time comes for the individual to take some responsibility, he or she will not be embarrassed to do so. Doctors should also teach their patients the different types of birth control that are available for them to use and also make it easily accessible for the patients to get them, that way there is nothing holding an individual back from using them. Another way of informing people of birth control other than through schools and doctors is to have advertising, through television and radio, magazines, and billboard signs. That way people are facing the issue everyday and may realize that the use of birth control is not such a bad idea. People will grow to be more comfortable with the issue of sex and birth control and just maybe then the problem of over population will decrease and families will consists of less children which will also decrease the poverty level of that many families face. Even though a lot of people may not agree with the action that is taking place in order to correct over population, it must be done. Children are not living the quality of life that they should be living, they are not getting the proper meals and are therefore not as healthy and are malnourished, and their education is at risk because classrooms are getting crowed with too many children. The streets are too busy and cramped; cars on the road are causing more pollution. Controlling the population would decrease the amount of families that live in poverty because families that are able to afford more children would only have big families while the other families would have just two children and they would not be struggling to give their kids the proper quality of life. Although it seems as though the solution to the problem of over population is simple and that by the government passing laws or having the proper education for these people is just going to make the problem disappear, it will not. The process will be very long and results will not be seen so soon, this may cause a lot of anger in people because their lives are being changed so drastically and in some cases they may feel as though they are being asked to change their morals and also because no formal results will be seen so soon. Over population is just one problem, but in fact has a snowball effect and causes many more problems that have been stated above. If people were able to realize these problems and be willing to help out by taking birth control and not contribute to the problem that the world is facing today, then maybe one day over population would not be an problem any more and would just seem like issue that was dealt with.

The Falling Girl Essay - 1333 Words

Introduction Introductory Statement (Hook Harness): Insecurity influences one’s mental state substantially and impacts their ability to make reasonable decisions and may change the outlook on life. Through Marta and Earl relationship with Doreen depicts they must uphold a social standards. Thesis: Thorough examination of the characters perspective, themes of insecurity, and the authors implicated message from text to reality reveals that Theyre not my husband by Raymond Carver is bleak and weak in comparison to Dino Buzzatis â€Å"The Falling Girl† when discussing the adversity of women to uphold appearances in society. Body Paragraph #1 Argument #1 (Both Texts): Character perspective Class division - In the story â€Å"The†¦show more content†¦Supporting Evidence for Text #1: When Carver mentioned â€Å"Marta no longer saw just groups of carefree people inside the apartments; at times there were even some businesses where the employees, in black or blue aprons, were sitting at desks in long rows† (Buzzati 2). During her fall, she observed the shift between the wealthy and those who are impoverished. The building as a whole depicted class division where the rich were dominant known at the top of the hierarchy and others working hard placed at the bottom. Supporting Evidence for Text #2 In â€Å"They’re not your husband†, Earl told his wife â€Å"I think you’d better consider going on a diet. I mean it. I’m serious you could stand to lose a few pounds† (Carver 2). This example clearly showed the comments from the businessmen impacted Earl in wanting his wife Doreen to look a certain way and fit in with society. Body Paragraph #2 Argument #2 (Both Texts): Theme of Insecurity Others perspectives - In the beginning, others thought she was beautiful and while she descends her beauty faded away as she fell. In contrast to Doreen, the view from the businessmen caused Earl to see a bleak of light in a tunnel which was the turning point in choosing to lose weight. The perspectives of other impacted these characters to dynamically change physically and mentally. Paranoia - Not to mention, the perspectives caused them to become paranoid. While MartaShow MoreRelatedLife of Anita Brookner and Analysis of Her Book Falling Slowly1035 Words   |  4 PagesLondon (Literature Essays). 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The Influence of the Communist Manifesto on the...

The Communist Manifesto left a tremendous impact on a society that was rapidly becoming industrialized, and its effects can even be seen on the dominating economic system of the twenty-first century. In the later nineteenth century, however, industrial capitalism was on the brink of ruin. â€Å"On many occasions during the past century, Marxists have thought that capitalism was down for the count . . . Yet it has always come back with renewed strength.† Industrial capitalism succeeded in the face of communism, despite numerous economic disasters. As the capitalist economists hopefully noted at the time, these economic earthquakes, temporary in character, soon cured themselves and left capitalism unscathed. Karl Marx sought to create†¦show more content†¦Despite the continuation of capitalism, the middle class successfully emerged as the dominating class in our society. As Lewis Corey states, â€Å"Workers were becoming capitalists, the capitalists becoming w orkers.† Industrial capitalism spawned a middle class, molded the exact same way that Marx predicted in his major work. In establishing the goals of the Communist party, Marx stated, â€Å"In the national struggles of the proletarians of the different countries, they point out and bring to the front the common interests of entire proletariat, independently of nationality.† Once again, the Communist Manifesto espouses capitalistic ideas. By the end of the twentieth century, industrial capitalism reached a monumental point in its history; the economic system was almost completely global. Securities traded in markets around the world could be purchased by almost anyone, regardless of nationality or location. As John Gurley states, â€Å"At the present time, the advanced capitalistic countries are noted for their extraordinarily largeShow MoreRelatedCommunist Manifesto : Understanding Today s World1429 Words   |  6 PagesCommunist Manifesto in Understanding Today’s World Introduction What is Communism? How has Communism shaped the today’s world as it is? Is Communist Manifesto still applicable in the current world? Karl Marx and Fredrich Engels published the Communist Manifesto in 1848, and the manifesto had a great influence on the world history that the world would be a different place if the manifesto would not have been published. 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